Chapter 3

The First European Civilization: The Greeks 2200-400 B.C.
L03: compare the city states of Sparta and Athens, and describe how the Athenian from of democracy operated

Barbarian- way of life based on farming, warfare, and tribal organization that became widespread in Europe beginning around 2500 B.C
-the earliest Greek civilization was very much an offshoot of the ways of life of their eastern neighbors
-lands between the Mediterranean Sea and the Indian Ocean
-800 B.C finally emerged as "classical" Greek civilization
-Greek city-states were the first to practice citizen participation in government
Megalithic- massive rough cut stones used to construct monuments and tombs
-Stonehenge- a huge open- air monument built by a prosperous farming and trading people in the west of England, probably as a religious center
                     -it was repeatedly rebuilt over a period of several hundred years, until it reaches its final form about 2000 B.C.
                    -contains 160 massive boulders weighing up to 50 tons each
-the early Europeans cannot have had any sense of common identity, but in time most of them came to share a distinctive way of life
-this was probably the result of migrations of Indo- European nomads from the steppes that bordered Europe on the east
-instead of there earlier tongues, the peoples of the region began to speak languages of Indo- European origin that were the distant ancestors of Greek and Latin
Tribes- a social and political unit of consisting of a group of communities held together by common interests, traditions, and real or mythical ties of kinship
                -formed loose alliances under warrior kings or queens pf exceptionally powerful tribes
-today people use the words barbarian or barbaric to describe someone who they think is less intelligent, refined, or humane than themselves
-in a period of three thousand years the European people came into contact with civilization

-Everything in their lives revolves around strength and courage